Casting-machine.



C. M. GREY.

CASTING MACHINE.

APPLICATION FILED JAN. 4, IEH2. mmm PatentedSept. 14,-1915.

' 2 SHEETS-SHEET l. A

" wwi m 'Hu Wu 2 ZA j E C. M. GREY.

CASTING MACHINE.

' AFPLCATON FILED JAN. 4. 1912. lflfl& v V Patentedept. 14, 1915.

2 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

INVENTOR x V Uafleflfry W I TNESSES ment of a Valve intermediate the metal ati' tifi

CHALES'M. GRE'Y, or EAST oaANeE, :NEW JERSEY.

CASTING-MACHNJE.

Application filed `fl'anua'y 4:, 1912. Serial No. 669350.

uniform, solid castings, z'. e., castings substantially free from entrained ar or gases, and, with this, object 'in View, the invention, n one of its broadest aspects, iembodies a die casting apparatus which permits of more readily securing than has heretofore been possible, such an efl'ectiv'e vacuum as to produce the results specified.

In a more specific aspect, the apparatus embodies two chambers or compartments for containing the molten materal 'or metal, said chambers having communication only beneath the surface of the metal, one of said chambers having free communication with the die or mold space, and means'for smultaneously producing a partial vacuum n the two chambers and the die,-wherebythe metal at this stage is restrained f rom entering the die, notwithstanding the free com munication of the chamben therewth, in

in the die combination with means for subsequently ][t will beforcing the metal into'the die. observed [that I dispense with the employchamber and the mold, and with all its in-` herent disadvantages, such as freezing, etc.

Other features of the invention, as well as the functions and advantages thereof, will appear .froni the hereinafter detailed description. u

In the acompanying drawings, I have illustrated one practical -embodiment of the invention; but the construction shown therein is tobe understood as illustrative, only, and not as defining the limits of the invention.

Figure 1 is a. vertical section, partly in el'evation, illustrating an' apparatus embodying this invention. Fig. 2 is a detail View' illustrating means for Operating a series of valves in a certain predetermned order. Fig. 3 is across section on the line 3-3 of Specific'ation of Letters Patenta.

useful Casting-Machine, of

Patented sem; M, iai..

Fig. 2 looking in the direction of the arrow.

- Fig. 4 is a detail 'View of a cover-looking lever and parts associated therewith.

designates a' reservoir for containing molten metal. As shown, this reservoir is substantially 'U-shaped, one ofthe legs of which provdes a' chamber leg comn unicates with a nozzle a' having a chamber a The reservoir is positioned within a furnace chamber B, as is usual in the art, said chamber being covered by a top b through which extends' the nozzle a' 'and that leg of the reservoir -having chamber a. Above the top b is a plate or bed C,

4 upon which rests a mold or die D, said mold being shown as having abasting chamber d of any suitable form, with which casting chamber communicates a metal inlet passage and a second chamber dfithe latter being positioned in the die exteriorly to the casting or die chamber d. The die is shown as consisting of separable parts adapted to be held or clamped together by any means known to the art, such as by aclamping plate e and suitable pressure mechanism e', but as this clamping mechanism does not constitute any part of the scribe or illustrate the same.

A salient feature of'this invention consists in the provision of means for exhausting air from the chambers a, a of'the reservoir in order in-`said reservoir abov the mass of molten metal contained therein, whereby the moltenmetal is restrained from fiowing toward the die by the presence of ane'qual Vacuum in chambers a, a thus enabling me to dispense `-with a valve usually employed for shutting ofi" the flow of metal from the reservoir to the mold or die. An eXhaust pipe E is connected in a suitable way, as by a flexible hose of the die, and this ex to produce a partial Vacuum.

a, and the other present invention, .it has not been consdered necessary to depressure to chamber a of the reservoir for the purpose of imparting to the mplten metal v with this branch pipe j is a pressure pipe 'of valve Operating means, ating means controlling the respective L, the latter being in communication with any suitable source or air or gas pressure for the purpose of supplying pressure to chamber a of the reservoir at a predeterminedtime, whereby the molten metal within said reservoir is caused to flow toward the die. It will' be understood that valve J is normally closed in order to preclude the flow of air or gas under pressure from pipe L through branch j and pipe K to reservoir chamber a, but at the proper time said valve J is opened by the operation of one form said valve operthe opening and closing ofthe series of Valves F, G, H, I, J, in a predetermined order.

M is a vacuum pipe connected with an exhauster or any other form of apparatus adapted to I produce a' partial vacuun through the pipe and within the die and chambers of the reservoir. Pipe E is provided with branch f which communicates directly with vacuum pipe M, and in this branch f between the pipes.

E, M is. positioned the valve F.

O designates a regulator operatively con` nected withchambers a, a? of the reservoir and 'with the vacuum pipe M- in such a manner as toautomatically and simultaneously establishan equal degree of vacuum 'in the 'respective chambers of the reservoir.

This regulator is of the form disclosed in `my No; 1,013,548 of January 2, 1912, for an invention 'appertaining to art of making castings. Said regulator embodies a diaphragm casing within which is positioned a fleXible diaphragm which divides said chamber nto two compartments, and

' to the' respective sides of this diaphragm are attached valve rods leading to valves P, Q. Said valve rods extend through suitable tubes o, o', attached to the shells of valves P, Q whereby the valves are controlled by the movement of the diaphragm within the regulator chamber. 'The valves are so positioned that both of them .are open when the diaphragm of regulator O is in a central position between the compartments of the regulator chamber. With valve P communicates a pipe'g containing valve Gr, one end portion of said pipe g being attached'directly to vacuum p? e' M, and the other end portion of the pipe being directly connected with the shell of valve P.

Valve H is positioned within a pipe h,

site end from the attachment of pipe g to' said valve P. It will thus be seen that valve P is connected at one side by pipe g with vacuum pipe M when valve G is opened, and said valve P is connected at its other side by pipes h h', h with pipe K leading to reservoir chamber a. The line of pipe between valve P and chamber a has a bypass connection with one chamber of'regu lator O by a fiexible tube R, one endof said tube being connected with branchpipe h' and the other end of said tube being attached to the casing of the regulator at one side of the diaphragm so as to communicate with one compartment of the diaphragm chamber. Valve Q at the opposite side of the diaphragm from valve P is connected at one end by a pipe q with the pipe g having valve G and'leading to vacuum pipe M. The other side of this valve Q is connected by a pipe g' directly with the pipe E, the latter having communication at one end with the die and reservoir chamber a whereas the other end of said pipe E has connection by branch pipe'f with vacuum pipe M. The pipe E is connected through a by-pass S with the other compartment of the diaphragm chamber, said by-pass being in the form of a fiexible hose similar to the hose R, one end of said hose S being attached directly to the diaphragm casing, and the other end of said hose being connected with exhaust pipe E by branch pipe q'.

The series of valves F, G, H, I, J, are positioned in any suitable order, but preferably in the same plane as shown in F igs. 1 and 2, inorder that a frame T may be brought into coperative relation to all the valves, whereby a valve-Operating mechanism is adapted to be supported by said frame YT so as to coperate with the series of valves. The frame T i provided with suitable bearings for an Operating shaft U,

e tion by suitable means,

rwaaao valves will be operated in a certain order. In Fig. 3 there is shown one form of the cam and lever mechanism. Each cam' is provided With a groove in which operates a pin or roller on a yoke-shaped member lU', one end of said member being connected by a pin v' to lever o. The member is positioned across the valve operatin shaft U, preferably below it, one end o "said lever being fulcrumed as at v on frame T. The other end of leveri is connected to the rod or stem w of the valve. When the cam is turned to a eertan position, the yoke member U' is v Elifted for the purpose of raising lever v 15 andvalve stem w, thus opening the particular valve, but the valve maybe held in a closed position by any suitable means, as for example, by arranging the groo've in the can to seat the valve at the proper time. Associated With the lever arm t of valve operating shaft U is a looking mechanism for restraining the shaft from movement when' all the valves except valve I are closed. This looking mechanism is embodied in a loc'king bar W- slidably supported in frame T, The looking bar is impelled in one direcsuch as spring w', and this looking bar is adapted to engage with a notch provided in a segment T', the latter being attached to or made integral with lever arm t or shaft U. The looking bar may be operated by suitable means, such as lever T pivoted on the frame, and engagng with a notch in the looking bar as shown in F ig. 2, 'so that the movement in' one direction will compress the spring w' portion of the looking and wtnuraw the end bar from engagement with the notch in the ,segment T', whereby shaft U is released in order that it may be turned lever arm t.

From the foregoing it will be noted that with valves I, J and F closed, valves Gr, H open, and both regulator valves P, Q, in their normal open positions, the vacuum pipe M and regulator O are in communicaby Operating tion with chambers a a of the reservoirand with the die, so that the operation of exhausting air will be carried 'on simultaneously in the two reservoir chambers a, a and in the die, whereby the same, or substantially the same, degree of vacuum will be obtained 'in the two reservoir chambers, the result of which is to restrain the flow of metal toward the die without the employment of a valve to cut off the flow of metal from the reservoir to said die, the use of such a valve being objectionable for the reason that the metal tends to solidify around the valve or freeze it. The two reservoir chambers a a and the die communicate with the vacuum pipe and the regulator, under the conditions just named, as

follows 2- Air is drawn from chamber a through a the die,`so as to part of pipe K, pipe branches IL, I', ?e? past valve H, through hose R, valve P, pipe g. and through valve G. From chamber a and the die air flows through pipe E, branch pipes q, g', through valve Q, hose S and pipe g through valve G, thereby exhausting air equally from the two reservoir 'chambers a, a and from the two compartments of the regulator 0. In practice, there is a slight variation in the degree of .vacuum within the two reservoir chambers and in the pipe lines, as a result of which a pulsating movement is given to the diaphragm of the regulator owing to the difi'erence in the degree of vacuum in the compartments of the regulator chamber, but the operation of exhausting air, as a whole, is carried on simultaneously in the two reservoir chambers 'and produce a relatively high degree of vacuum in said two reservoir' chambers and the die, whereby the molten metal is caused to remain quiescent in the reservoir during the said exhausting operations. 4

For impelling the molten metal with a quick movement toward the die, suitable means are provided for' exerting pressure upon the metal. As shown, the pressure is applied by air or gas admitted .to reservoir chamber a by pipes L, j, K upon opening valve J; but. prior to ths operation, valves G, H have been previously closed, and valve F opened.

The valve F operates to open communication between chamber a and the vacuum pipe M through the pipes E and f, and is so actuated as to be opened immediately after valves G and H are closed, to continue the exhaustion of air from the die. Thus, when the valve J is opened, to admit pressure to chamber a, the exhaustion of air from the die and chamber a continues,-whereby residual air aid gases are exhausted from the die during the passage of metal thereint'o." Thus, residual air and gases are exhausted' from the mold during the passage of metal thereinto.

It will be noted that pipes. h, -12? with valve H, and pipe y with valve G, operate, mainly, to introduce the regulator in the exhausting connections between the vacuum pipe M and the chamber a of the reservor, but prior to admitting pressure to 'the reservor through pipes L, j, K, valves G, are closed, thereby cutting oli the communication between the regulator and the vacuum pipe and pipe K so that the air or gas supplied to said reservoir cannot flow past said valve H and into the regulator, thus precluding injury thereto.

As shown in Fig. 1, a gate F' is adapted to operate across the passage through which the 'molten metal flows from the reservor into the die. This gate is shown in the form of a piston, the upper part of which s coninto the reservoir.

The operation may be described as followsz-Assuming that mold D is properly prepared for casting and that the reservoir A contains molten metal, the exha'usting apparatus is put -into operation so as to eX- haust air through vacuum pipe M. At this time no communication between the vacuim pipe M or the pressure pipe L with the' mold or die and the reservoir takes place, for the reason that valves F, G, H and J are closed, but as valve' I is open, the chamber a, of the reservo'ir *is vented. In carrying out the operation, the Workman manipulates lever T so as 'to WithdraW the locking bar W from the segment of lever arm t, and thereafter the lever arm is operated so as to turn shaft.

` U. As this shaft begins to turn, one of the lever and cam devices operates so as to first close valve I, all the valves being thus closed at this time, but as the shaft continues to turn, two of the valve Operating devices are so actuated as to simultaneously open the two valves G, H. The effect of this is to ,establish communication from vacuum pipe M with chambers a, a of the reservoir and with the die. The opening of valve H allows air'to pass from reservoir chamber a through a part of pipe K, branch pipes h, h', h valve P, pipe g, valve G and thence to the vacuum pipe, thus eXhausting air from chamber a of the reservoir, and at the same time air is drawn from reservoir chamber a the die, pipeiE, pipes q, g', valve Q, pipe g, valve G, and thence into the vacuum pipe. The opening of the valves H, G thus places vacuum pipe M in communication with both reservoir chambers a a?, and with the die so as to exhaust the air therefrom, but any diflerence in the pressure in the chambers a, a? of the reservoir brings into operation the regulator O so as to establish a substantially unform degree of vacuum in said chambers a, a of the reservoir and in the die. When the degree of partial vacuum desired. has been Secured in the die and in the two chambers of the reservoir, the operator moves-lever arm t in order to impart 'further movement to the shaft U, the efiect of which 's to 'clse valves G, H, and to open valve F,

G', H and I being closed and .is opposite to the looking bar W, the spring of which impels said looking bar into engagement With the segment so as to`lock the shaft in a fixed position after which it shall have completed the cycle of Operations for opening and closing the series of valves;

In Figs. 1 and 4: of the drawings there is shown one embodiment of means for locking member C in a fixed position. As there shown, lever arm X is fixed upon one end of a rock shaft X', said rock shaft having cams w provided with rollers 06' adapted to apply force to lugs X provided at the free edge of said member C. The rock shaft X' is supported in arms Z having loose connections with a rod .a supported in lugs z' of furnace B, and through these arms Z pass threaded stems Z'. The stems are attached to cover plate b, and their upper ends pass loosely through openings provided in arms Z, suitable nuts 2 being provided on the stems for holding the arms Z in fixed positions. By turning shaft X', the cams and rollers apply pressure to lugs X and the member C, but to release the member the shaft is turned in a direction to remove the rollers from the lugs, after which the upper nuts may be unscrewed from the stems so that the arms Z and the cam shaft may be swung upwardly and out of the way.

In the foregoing description, I have set forth one mode of operation of my invention wherein the valve arrangement is such that the suction mechanism operates to exhaust residual air or gas from the mold during the passage of molten metal thereinto, in accordance with the process described and claimed in my Patent #1,013,548, hereinbefore referred to. Manifestly, however, the valves may be so operated that the suction mechanism is precluded from operating on the mold during the passage of molten metal thereinto. complished by simply adjustihg the valve F so that said valve will be closed just prior to the opening of valve J. Thus, either method of casting may be carried out by the apparatus of the present invention. e

Having thus fully described the invention, what I claim as new, and desire to secure by Letters Patent is:-

l. In a casting machine, the combination of two chambers having communication be- This may be ac- 1 beneath the surface of molten metal adapted to be contained ther-ein, a die, means 'or simultaneously producing a partial vacuum in the two chambers and the die, and means for automatically controlling the vacuum producing means whereby a substantially uniform vacuum is produced in the two chambers and the die.

13. In a casting machine, the combination of a substantially U-shaped receptacle for containing metal, a die, an unobstructed passage connecting the top of one leg of said receptacle with the die, means for exhausting air from both legs of said receptacle and the die, and means for applying gaseous pressure to the metal in that leg of the 'receptacle not connected with thedie for forcing metal into the die.

14. In a casting machine, the combination of a reservoir for containing molten metal,

said reservoir having two chambers above the level of the metal, a die having unobstructed communication with one of said chambers, means for producing a partial vacuum in both ,chambers of the reservoir and in said die, and regulating means operable upon a difference in the vacuum between said two chambers for securing a substantially equal degree of vacuum in both chambers of said reservoir.

15. In a casting machine, the combination of a reservoir for containing molten metal, said reservoir having two chambers above the level of the metal, a die having unobstructed communication with one of said chambers, means for producing a partial vacuum in bothchambers of the reservoir and in said die, and a diaphragm regulator operatively connected with said reservoir and the vacuum-producing `means for secur- -ing a substantially equal degree of vacuum in both chambers of said reservoir.

16. In a casting machine, the combination of a reservoir for containing molten metal, said reservoir having two chambers above the level of the metal, a die having unobstructed communication with one of said chambers, a vacuum pipe having branches in communication with both chambers of said reservoir, valves in said branch pipes, a pressure pipe connected with one of said chambers, a valve in said pressure pipe, and means for Operating said valves in a predei termined order.

17. In a casting machine, the combination of a reservoir for containing molten metal, said reservoir having two chambers above the level of the metal, a die having unobstructed communication with one of said chambers, -a vacuum pipe having branches .in communication with' both chambers of said reservoir, valves in said branch pipes, a pressure ppe connected with one of said chambers, a valve in sad pressure pipe,

a p essure pipe connected with one of said chambers, a valve in said pressure pipe, a vent pipe connected With one chamber of the reservoir, a valve in the vent pipe, and means for 'Operating said valves in a predetermined order. 19. In a casting machine, the combination of a reservoir for containing molten metal, said 'eservoir having two chambers above the level of the metal, a die having unobstructed communication with one of said chambers, a vacuum pipe, means whereby said vacuum pipe is connected to' said reservoir for communication with both chambers thereof and with the die, valves in said connecting means, a pressure pipe adapted for communication with that chamber of the 'eservoir which is not connected with` the die, a valve in said pressure pipe, a vent pipe, a valve in said vent pipe, regulating means connected for communication with the vacuum pipe and with the chambers of the reservoir, and a single Operating means -for opening the. valves in a predetermined order. i i

20. In a casting machine, the combination of a reservoir for containing molten metal, said reservoir having two chambers above the level of the metal, a die h'aving`unobdie, a valve in said pressure pipe, a vent' pipe, a valve in said vent pipe, regulatng means connected for communication with I the vacuum pipe and with the chambers 'of thereservor, a single Operating means for opening the valves in a prede'oermined order, and means for looking the valve Operating means.

21. In a casting machine, a reservoir for containing molten metal, said reservoir having a plurality of chambers above the metal level, a die having unobstructed communication with one of said reservoir chambers, means for admitting air or gas under pressure to the other of said reservoir chambers, means forexhausting air from both resernected to chambers and directly low the surface of material adapted tobe contained therein, means for exhausting air from both ofsaid chambers, whereby a partial vacuumsis produced above the material therein and the' metal freed from entrained gases, and means whereby one of said'chainbels may be exhausted independently of the ot er.

of two chambers having' communication below the surfaceof material adapted tobe i contained therein, na 'mold having unobstructed communication with one of said chambers, and a vacuumconduit having' 'a branch thereof connected withone'of said chambers the mold for simultaneously producing a partial 'vacuum in thetwo chambers and the mold-[while restrainng the mae terial from flowing toward the mold., V

3. In a casting machine,- thecombination of'two chambers'spaced apart but having 'communication below the surfaceof materialadapted to be contained'therein, 'a mold V having unobstructed communication with one of said chambers, and means for simul-` taneously exhausting air from the two fromthe mold while restraining the flow of material into the mold.

4. In a casting machine, the combination'. i of two chambers h avmg communication only below the surface of material adapted to be contained therein, a mold having unobstructed communication with 'ne of said chambers, means connected with one of said chambers and directly t the mold, whereby the air may be simultaneously exhausted while restraining the material from flowing toward the mold, and means .for subscquentlyforcing the' material 'into the mold.

In a casting machine, the combination of two chambers spaced apart and having material adapted to becontained therein, a mold having-:unobstructed communication with one of said chambers, meansconnected with one of said chambers and directly to the mold whereby-apartial\ vacuum is prowhile restraining 'the flow of material into the mold, and means for subsequently forcing the material into the mol 6. In a casting machine, the combination of two chambers of substantially the same Volume and having communication below the surface of material adapted to be contained therein,` a mold positioned above aid chambers and 'having unobstructed ommunication with one of said chambers,

eans connected with the other of said hambers and directly to the mold whereby be simultaneously exhausted e he air may rom both chambers' and from the mo d structed communication with one of said and another--branch thereof concontained therein,

' chambers,

.with said .plying pressure to one "to be contained therein,

from' both chambers and from the mold 'exhausing air from communcaton' -only below thesurface of V duced in both chambers and. in the mold of two chambers having communication below the surface of material adapted to be 2. In a castngmachine, the' combination.

contained "therein, a mold having unobchambers, an air exhaust ,Conduit leading from one of said chambers and the mold, and a commonexhaust and pressure .Conduit communicating with the other chamber.

8. In a castng machine, the combination of two chambers having communication below the surface of material adapted to be a mold having unob- 'structed communication with one of said an air exhau'st pipe leading from 'one of said chambers and the mold, an exhaust pipe leading from the other of said chambers, air exhausting means connected exhaust pipes, and means for apof said chambers through itsv air exhaust pipe. i In a casting machine, the combination of two chambers having free communication beneath the surface ofmolten metal adapted a die, a passage connecting one of 'said chambers with the die and providing unobstructed communication between said chamber and the die, means' for exhausting both of said chambers and thedie, and means for applying pressure to 100 one of said chambers while continuing the cxhaustion of air 'from the other chamber and the die. e

10. In a casting machine, the combination `of 'two chambers having communication below the surface of the material adapted to be contained therein, a mold in communication with one of said chambers, means for one of said chambers and simultaneously from the other chamber and the mold associated therewith, and means for introducing pressure into the first mentioned chamber for the purpose of forcing the material into the mold whilea par- 'taI vacuum is simultaneously produced in,

voir chambers and from the die, and means Operating to continue the exhaustion of air from the die.

22. In a casting machine, a reservoir for containing molten metal, said reservoir having a plurality of chambers above the metal level, a die having unobstructed communication with one of said reservoir chambers, means for admitting air or gas under pressure to the other of said reservoir chambers, means for exhausting air from both reservoir chambers and from the die, and a valved pipe afl'ording a direct connection from the die to the exhausting means and Operating to continue the exhaustion of air from said die. w

23. In a casting machine, a reservoir for containing molten metal, said reservoir having a plurality of chambers above the metal level, a die having unobstructed communication with one of said reservoir chambers, means for admitting air or gas under pressure to the other of said reservoir chambers, means for exhausting air from both reservoir chambers and from the die, and a vent for the reservoir, said vent subsequent to the flow of metal toward the die and during the period of the backward flow of metal into the reservoir.

24. In a casting machine, a reservoir for containing molten metal, said reservoir h. ing a plurality of chambers above the metal level, a die having unobstructed communication with one of said reservoir chambers, means for admitting air or gas under pressure to the other of said reservoir chambers, regulating means communicating with said chambers of the reservoir, exhausting means in communication with the regulating means and with the reservor chambers Whereby air is exhausted simultaneou sly from the reservoir chambers and a 'partial Vacuum is established uniformly in said chambers, and means for cutting ofi' communication between the regulating means and the reservoir upon the admission of compressed air or gas thereto.

25. In a casting machine, a reservoir for containing molten metal, said reservoir having a plurality of chambers above the metal level, a die having unobstructed communication with one of said reservoir chambers, a valved pipe for supplying compressed air or gas to that cha mber of the reservoir not connected to the die, a vacuum pipe, a regulator connected by valved pipes With the vacbeing opened uum pipe, the pressure pipe, and the die and reservoir, and means for Operating the valves within said pipes ina certain order to effect the exhaustion of air from the reservoir and die, to continue exhaustion of air from the die, and to admit air or gas under pr'essure to the reservoir, in successive order.

26. ][n a casting machine, the combination of two chambers-having communication with one another beneath the surface of the molten metal adapted to be contained therein, a die in communication with one of said chambers. means for simultaneously exhausting air from the two chambers and from the die to produce a partial vacuum therein, and means for applying pressure to one of said chambers while continuing the exhaustion of air from the other chamber and fr'om the die.

27. In a casting machine, the combination of two chambers having communication beneath the surface of the molten metal adapted to be contained therein, suction means communicating with each of said chambers for simultaneously'exhausting gases or air therefrom, and a regulating devce coperating with the exhausting means and said chamber's whereby substantially the same de- %ree of vacuum is produced in both chamers.

28. In a casting machine, a material-heating reservoir, a supporting member having the outlet from said reservoir extending therethrough, a bed plate, to which a die is adapted to be Secured, pivoted to the supporting member in such position that the inlet to the die is in alinement with the outlet of the reservoir, in combination with a plurality of links pivoted to the supporting member and over-reaching the free edge of the bed plate, a cam mounted at the free ends of said links, means for Operating said cam whereby the cam engages with the bed plate and forces it toward the supporting member for the purpose of'insuring proper communication between the inlet to the die and the outlet of the reservoir, and means for governing the pressure exerted by the cam on the bed plate.

.In testimony whereof have signed my name to this specification in the presence of' two subscribing witnesses' J. F. MOTHERSHEAD, M. E. FREEMAN. 

